Persistent depressive disorder (PDD), also known as dysthymia, is a continuous, long-term form of depression. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 280 million people suffer from depression worldwide, and approximately 9.8% of American adults experience some form of depressive disorder each year.
Though PDD is not as severe as major depression, living with PDD can be challenging as symptoms sometimes last many years. People with persistent depressive disorder may be labeled as gloomy or a complainer because they often find it hard to stay positive even during happy occasions.
According to the Mayo Clinic, PDD symptoms usually reoccur, and their severity can change over time; however, they do not usually go away for more than two months at a time. In addition, these bouts of PDD may be mixed with episodes of major depression, which is sometimes called double depression.
Symptoms of depression often include a lack of interest in daily activities, feelings of hopelessness, and low self-esteem. With PDD, these symptoms may last for years and can significantly affect relationships, work, and other major activities. Other symptoms may include general fatigue, trouble concentrating, or trouble making decisions. Some people with PDD may avoid social activities, display eating or sleep problems, or have feelings of guilt or worry for no logical reason.
Little is known about the exact cause of persistent depressive disorder; however, researchers believe the issue to be complex and involve multiple factors. People with PDD may have physiological differences in their brains when compared with those not suffering from this condition. Another possible cause is an issue with brain chemistry where neurotransmitters, naturally occurring brain chemicals, may not correctly interact with the “circuitry” of the brain, thus not optimally controlling mood. Some research suggests that susceptibility to PDD may be due in part to genetics and that certain traits are inherited from one’s parents. Last, as with major depression, a traumatic event such as a death in the family or a divorce can trigger persistent depressive disorder.
Too often, people with PDD wait to get diagnosed and grow used to symptoms of depression. However, this is unfortunate as early diagnosis and treatment may facilitate a speedier, more effective recovery. People suffering from symptoms of depression should seek medical help and begin by talking to their primary care physician, who can direct them to a specialist. Many people with PDD may find a combination of talk therapy and medication to be very effective.
If someone suffering from persistent depressive disorder is unsure how to begin a conversation with their doctor, they should write down their questions in advance. Many people also find it helpful to bring a relative or close friend to the appointment to help them understand what their doctor is telling them and to help ask questions. It is also a good idea to make a list of their medications and why they are taking them so that they have a quick reference in case new medications come up in conversation. Last, people with PDD should make sure that they are open and honest with their health care team as they cannot help if they do not fully understand the issues.
